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who served in foreign militaries, in particular the approximately 10,000 men who fought against absolutism in Spain as part of the British Auxiliary Legion in the 1830s. Here the question is one of intentions: did these overseas military adventurers fight because of their radical politics? Mansfield does not assume this to be the case, but he does find suggestions that at least some did. Apart from the chapter on service in foreign militaries, the book’s focus is squarely on soldiers in Britain. There was scope to consider colonial service at greater length, and to probe whether it had any effects on soldiers’ domestic politics. While Mansfield dedicates a brief section to racism amongst soldiers who served overseas, he does not address how it sat alongside radical or conservative politics among soldiers. British society underwent seismic changes in the nineteenth century, and this book usefully presents a soldier’s eye view of many of them. Mansfield assumes the reader’s knowledge of many of the social, political and military events of the British nineteenth century. This is to be expected because describing the many events in any detail would probably have doubled the length of the book. In any case, he summarises events to the extent that this is necessary to understand the main thrust of the work. Soldiers as Citizens intertwines labour history with military history, and provides new insights into both. Mansfield has drawn together a large number of military biographies in a way that adds to our understanding of the British nineteenth century. Liverpool University Press should be commended on this handsomely-produced, hardcover book, which includes numerous black-and- white illustrations and extensive footnotes. T HOMAS J. R OGERS Australian War Memorial, Canberra Reflecting upon his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, Napoleon remarked ruefully that ‘if Berthier had been here I should never have met this misfortune’. His oft-quoted lament for the recently deceased Louis-Alexandre Berthier typifies the importance placed by generals on their Chiefs of Staff. Yet, for officers considered so essential to the planning and preparation of operations, ‘the staff’ are a largely under-studied group, particularly in British military history. While much ink has been spilt on the performance of military commanders such as Douglas Haig and Bernard Montgomery, we know rather less about the lives and exploits of their chiefs of staff: Launcelot Kiggell, Herbert Lawrence, and Freddie de Guingand. Paul Harris’ biography of Lawrence, Haig’s Chief of Staff from January 1918 onwards, is a welcome addition to the growing literature on British staff officers of the First World War. An authority on the work and experiences of British staff officers during that conflict, Harris brings his expertise to bear on Lawrence’s life and career, providing us with fresh insights into the challenges of GENERAL SIR HERBERT LAWRENCE: HAIG’S CHIEF OF STAFF, by Paul Harris. Warwick: Helion and Company, 2019. ISBN: 9781911628873, pp. 190, £29.95.